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╔═════════════════╗ ║ a a C o l o r ║ ╚═════════════════╝ ...Alan Anderson's Color Set Editor for Foxpro 2.5 U S E R ' S M A N U A L ========================= 3nd Edition - March, 1993 Copyright (c) 1991-1993 Chamber Data Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. FoxPro is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation Chamber Data Systems, Inc. 15221 Berry Trail, Suite 510 Dallas, Texas 75248 Voice: (214) 233-1299 FAX: (214) 233-8508 CompuServe ID: 76566,2666 TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------- The FoxPro Color Set System 1 Introduction 1 Screen Objects 1 Color Pair Codes 3 Color Sets 4 Color Schemes 6 Putting It All Together 8 A Few Complications 9 Coding Examples 11 Using aaColor 13 Installation 13 Selection Techniques 13 Appendix: Mouse Pointer Color 14 THE FOXPRO COLOR SET SYSTEM =========================== INTRODUCTION ------------ FoxPro has an extremely powerful and flexible system for controlling the color of screen objects which is based on a concept called color sets. However, FoxPro's implementation of color sets seems incomplete; the facilities for managing and editing color sets are meager and, in many respects, confusing. Fortunately, the foundation of the concept of color sets is solid, and FoxPro provides the tools to develop better attendant facilities. aaColor is such a facility--a simple yet robust tool for understanding, managing, and editing color sets. SCREEN OBJECTS -------------- An awareness of the various screen objects supported in FoxPro and their colorable elements is key to understanding FoxPro's system of controlling colors. FoxPro supports the following types of screen objects. Menu System Windows: System Dialogs Alerts User Browse Report Layout A screen object is built from or contains lower level elements. For example, the elements of a Menu System are the selection pads on its menu bar and each pad's associated popup consisting of selection bars inside a border. The elements of a Dialog Window are its title, border, text, fields, popups, lists, push buttons, check boxes, etc. Some window elements are input/output items created with "@... GET" commands such as fields and check boxes; other elements are items inherent to the window definition such as the window title, border, and shadow. FoxPro's system for controlling colors allows you to independently specify the color of the various elements that comprise a screen object. The discussions that follow refer to them as a screen object's "colorable elements." - Page 1 - Considering the several screen objects that FoxPro supports and the numerous colorable elements that can make up each type of screen object, FoxPro's system for controlling colors calls for flexibility. Indeed, it is flexible, and its flexibility makes it somewhat complicated. But once understood, and with the help of aaColor, it is fairly simple to use. A side issue here is that of windows. Observe in the preceding list of screen objects that windows are subdivided into four classes: system windows, dialog windows, alert windows, and user windows. These various classes of windows are the same so far as the FoxPro facilities that you use to create and control them. (Except for system windows that are automatically created for you, you use the DEFINE WINDOW command to create windows and "@...SAY/GET" commands to create objects within them.) Windows in the various classes differ only in their intended use as their names imply and as summarized below. SYSTEM WINDOWS: The FoxPro development environment uses system windows for nearly everything except dialogs and alerts. It uses system windows for file editing, on-line help, and all of the desk accessories (calculator, calendar, etc.). System windows are distinguished by their color and the fact that their borders are blank except for window control icons (the icons for closing, zooming, sizing, etc.). An application program would use system windows for any similar functions implemented in the application such as on-line help and desk accessories. DIALOGS: A dialog is a window used to allow a user to specify further information after initiating a program action in order to further direct the program action. Dialog windows typically contain an assortment of elements such as lists, popups, check boxes, radio buttons, and other controls and fields pertinent to their function as dialogs. ALERTS: Alerts are windows that inform a user of some error, condition, or important choice to be made. An alert usually requires a response or an acknowledgement from the user before processing can proceed. Alert windows typically contain only text and the one or more push buttons required for a user to respond to the alert; they do not contain elements extraneous to their function such as popups, lists, check boxes, or radio buttons. USER WINDOWS: The FoxPro documentation makes no mention of the intended use of user windows, and although the FoxPro development environment uses dialogs and alerts, it does not employ windows of this class. A major use of windows not included in any of the other classes of windows is that of database input/output screens, so that could be the assigned use of user windows in an application program. - Page 2 - Although the facilities for creating and controlling these various classes of windows are the same (a window is a window except for how you program it to be used), each class of windows is characterized by its intended use which influences the types of elements that comprise windows of that class. Additionally, FoxPro uses unique colors--and in some cases, unique border styles--for each class of windows in its development environment to provide a visual cue as to a window's class--alert, dialog, etc. FoxPro's system for controlling colors allows you to do the same in applications that you develop. COLOR PAIR CODES ---------------- Color monitors display colors by combining the colors red, green, and blue in various combinations. These three colors can be combined in eight possible ways to form eight basic colors which you specify in FoxPro with codes as follows: Color Code ─────── ──── Black N (no color) Blue B Green G Cyan BG (Blue & Green combined) Red R Magenta RB (Red & Blue combined) Brown GR (Green & Red combined) White W (Blue, Green, & Red combined) You specify the foreground and background colors for the characters of a colorable screen element--for example, an "@... SAY" field--with a color pair, that is, a pair of color codes separated by a slash (/). For example, W/B specifies a white foreground on a blue background. The eight colors can be combined two at a time to form 64 different color pairs. Including a plus sign (+) after the foreground color in a color pair denotes that the foreground color is brightened. For example, W+/B specifies a bright white foreground on a blue background. This feature doubles the number of available color pairs to 128 by doubling the number of available foreground colors. Note: The color brown (code GR) when brightened (code GR+) appears as yellow and so is called yellow rather than bright brown. Including an asterisk (*) in a color pair denotes a blinking foreground if SET BLINK is ON or a bright background if SET BLINK is OFF. For example, if SET BLINK is ON, then W/B* specifies a - Page 3 - blinking white foreground on a blue background; if SET BLINK is OFF, then W/B* specifies a white foreground on a bright blue background. (It doesn't make any difference where you place the asterisk; W/B* yields the same result as W*/B.) Thus, if SET BLINK is OFF, this feature doubles the number of available color pairs to 256 by doubling the number of available background colors. (The color picker in aaColor provides a good way to view all possible color pairs and allows you to experiment with different combinations of BLINK set to ON or OFF with or without an asterisk.) COLOR SETS ---------- As previously mentioned, FoxPro supports several types of screen objects, many of which have numerous colorable elements. The problem of being able to independently control the colors of all the various types of screen objects at the level of their respective colorable elements obviously calls for a solution involving many color pairs. FoxPro's solution is the use of "color sets." A color set is simply a two-dimensional array of color pairs such that various positions in the array are assigned to particular colorable elements in the various types of screen objects. For example, the color pair at column 1, row 1 of a color set specifies the color of an "@... SAY" field in a User Window; the color pair at column 3, row 7 of a color set specifies the color of popup option hot keys in the System Menu; and so on. Hence, the color pairs in a color set determine, in a manner predefined by the position of each, the colors of each colorable element in each type of screen object supported by FoxPro. The FoxPro Developer's Guide has a table that shows color pair assignments for color sets. Note: A color set is not a memory variable array such as one defined with the DIMENSION command in an application program but rather an array within FoxPro, and the color pairs in a color set are stored as binary values rather than as color pair codes. However, you specify color pairs with color pair codes in any FoxPro functions or commands that require specification of color pairs. The array that comprises a color set has 24 columns and 11 rows for a total of 264 positions. The 24 positions in the eleventh row of a color set have a special purpose related to window shadows which is described in the discussion of color schemes in the next section. Each of the other 240 positions in a color set contain a color pair. - Page 4 - Color Set: 1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . 23 24 ┌────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬─ ─┬────┬────┐ 1 │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ . . . │ cp │ cp │ ├────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼─ ─┼────┼────┤ 2 │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ . . . │ cp │ cp │ ├────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼─ ─┼────┼────┤ 3 │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ . . . │ cp │ cp │ ├────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼─ ─┼────┼────┤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ├────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼─ ─┼────┼────┤ 10 │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ cp │ . . . │ cp │ cp │ ├────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼─ ─┼────┼────┤ 11 │ si │ si │ si │ si │ si │ si │ . . . │ si │ si │ └────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴─ ─┴────┴────┘ Legend: cp = color pair si = shadow indicator Most of the positions in the first half of a color set array--those in columns 1 through 12--are assigned to colorable elements of screen objects. The FoxPro Developer's Guide refers to columns 13 through 16 as "reserved for future use" (presumably for new types of screen objects that may be introduced in a future version of FoxPro). It refers to columns 17 through 24 as "user schemes" which presumably means that they are available to a developer to define as desired--possibly to assign colors to additional classes of windows or other screen objects that a developer may invent in addition to those already defined in FoxPro. In any case, a color set contains many color pairs. And, considering that each color pair can have any of 256 different values, the number of ways that a color set can be created to specify colors for the various screen objects and their colorable elements is practically without limit. Thus, FoxPro's color set system allows an enormous amount of variety in specifying color. Color sets are stored in a resource file and assigned unique names so that they can be individually referenced by facilities that load and store color sets from or to a resource file. The default resource file shipped with FoxPro, FOXUSER.DBF/FPT, includes several color sets. - Page 5 - FoxPro provides two commands and one interactive facility for managing and editing color sets. The two commands are SET COLOR SET TO <color set name> and CREATE COLOR SET <color set name>. SET COLOR SET TO <color set name> loads and activates a specified color set from the resource file. By maintaining different color sets in a resource file, you can instantly change the entire coloring of the FoxPro development environment or a FoxPro application program by simply activating a different color set. CREATE COLOR SET <color set name> stores the currently active color set to the resource file and names it as specified. If a color set already exists in the resource file with the same name, it is overwritten. You can also load and store color sets from and to a resource file with FoxPro's color picker, an interactive facility accessed from the System Menu (see Window pad, popup option Color...). The color picker is FoxPro's only interactive facility for editing a color set, that is, for modifying the values of color pairs in a color set. As such, FoxPro's color picker is an important component in its color set system. Yet curiously, it is the component that is most lacking in function and clarity. Its deficiencies are the cause of much criticism of the entire color set system and the reason that aaColor was developed. COLOR SCHEMES ------------- The previous section describes a color set as an array of color pairs where each position in the array specifies the color of some particular colorable screen element in a predefined way. The FoxPro documentation describes a color set as a collection of "color schemes" and defines a color scheme as a list of ten color pairs. You can see by inspecting the table of color pair assignments for color sets in the FoxPro Developer's Guide that a color scheme is simply a column in the array of color pairs comprising a color set. This table also shows that the assignments are such that a color scheme--a column in the color set array--corresponds to the various colorable elements of a screen object of some kind--for example, a menu or a dialog window. The table of color pair assignments shows only ten rows. However, a color set array has an additional eleventh row not shown in the table that, as previously mentioned, has a special - Page 6 - purpose related to shadows. The eleventh row of a color set--that is, the eleventh position of each of its color schemes--contains a plus or minus sign (+ or -) to indicate whether or not the screen object to which a color scheme corresponds casts a shadow. So a color scheme is actually a list of ten color pairs followed by a plus or minus sign (+ or -). Example: Color Scheme 1 - User Windows Position Code Element Colored ──────── ─────── ─────────────────────────────────── 1 W+/B Normal Text 2 W+/BG Field, Enabled 3 GR+/B Border 4 GR+/B Title, Active 5 W/B Title, Idle / System Message Line 6 W+/RB Text/Control, Selected 7 GR+/B Push Button Hot Keys / System Clock 8 N+/N Shadow 9 W+/B Control, Enabled 10 W/B Field/Control, Disabled 11 + Casts Shadow This example lists the color pairs vertically to be consistent with the fact that a color scheme is a column in a color set array. However, the FoxPro documentation list them horizontally and separated by commas. Example: W+/B,W+/BG,GR+/B,GR+/B,W/B,W+/RB,GR+/B,N+/N,W+/B,W/B,+ The horizontal, comma-delimited format is the required syntax for specifying a color pair list in commands that allow one to be specified. A color scheme is identified by its column number in the color set array (1, 2, 3, ..., 24). The FoxPro documentation also includes descriptive names of color schemes such as Menu Bar, Menu Pops, Dialogs, Dialog Pops, etc. However, any references to a color scheme in a FoxPro command or function is by its number; descriptive names appear only in the FoxPro documentation and certain popups in dialogs for selecting color schemes. Commands that create a screen object such as DEFINE WINDOW and DEFINE MENU support the clause COLOR SCHEME <scheme number> so that a specified color scheme can be associated with the screen object being created. With certain exceptions discussed later, a screen object so defined requires no further color specifications for its colorable elements; the specified color scheme controls the color of all the object's colorable elements. For example, if you include the clause COLOR SCHEME <scheme - Page 7 - number> in a DEFINE WINDOW command, the specified color scheme controls all of the window's colorable elements--its border, title, etc., and also elements subsequently created with "@... SAY/GET" commands. Note: The clause COLOR SCHEME <scheme number> can also be specified in "@... SAY/GET" commands. However, control at that level is only necessary if you want "@... SAY/GET" items to have colors different than those specified by the window's controlling color scheme. In addition to the clause COLOR SCHEME <scheme number> that is available in the numerous commands that create various types of screen objects, FoxPro provides the following command and function that deal directly with color schemes. SET COLOR OF SCHEME <scheme number> TO <color pair list>| <scheme number> SCHEME(<scheme number>[, <pair number>]) The command SET COLOR OF SCHEME... sets the color pairs and shadow indicator of the specified scheme to the specified values. aaColor utilizes this command in the editing of color sets. However, it seems unlikely that an application program other than a color set editor like aaColor would have a need to use this command if the application program makes proper use of color sets. The function SCHEME(...) returns the color pair list and shadow indicator (or optionally, only the specified color pair) from the specified color scheme. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER ----------------------- The system of controlling color in FoxPro consists of 1) maintaining color sets, each of which is a collection of color schemes, each of which is a list of color pairs that control the colors of colorable elements of the type of screen object to which the color scheme is assigned; 2) loading the desired color set from the resource file (if using a color set other than the default color set); and 3) using the clause COLOR SCHEME <scheme number> in commands that create screen objects in order to link each screen object to its appropriate color scheme, that is, the column of color pairs in the color set that controls the colors of the screen object's colorable elements. - Page 8 - Although FoxPro's color set system may seem complicated, it is extremely flexible and has the advantage of centralized and automated control. It's flexible in that you can create and maintain many different color sets in the resource file. It's centralized in that the specification of all current color settings are stored in a single repository--the currently active color set. And it's automatic in that the colors of all the various colorable elements of screen objects that you create are automatically determined by linking the object to the currently active color set using the clause COLOR SCHEME <scheme number> in the commands that create the objects. Furthermore, you can instantly change the entire coloring of the FoxPro development environment or a FoxPro application program by simply activating a different color set from the resource file. Compare this to FoxBASE+, FoxPro's predecessor. Control of color in FoxBASE+ was limited to the command SET COLOR TO [<standard>[, <enhanced>[, <border>]]] which you had to invoke each time you wanted to change colors and which, if you wanted to achieve any variety in the use of colors, had to be sprinkled throughout a program. FoxPro's color set system is a giant step forward. A FEW COMPLICATIONS ------------------- This section describes an aspect of FoxPro's color set system that somewhat clutters its otherwise elegant solution for controlling color and explains how aaColor solves this problem. The complication (as described below) is that 1) in some cases two color schemes jointly control the colors of a single screen object, and 2) in some cases a single color pair jointly controls the color of more than one type of element in a screen object. (An example of the latter is that the same color pair controls the color of the system clock and a push button hot key in a User Window.) The prior description of color schemes was oversimplified for the sake of explanation when it stated that color schemes--that is, columns in a color set array--are assigned to control the colors of the various types of screen objects. Actually, some screen objects require two color schemes to control their colors. Consider the various classes of windows (dialogs, alerts, etc.). Let's call the elements in a window that are created with "@... SAY/GET" commands subobjects of the window--fields, push buttons, radio buttons, check boxes, popups, lists, etc. The number of colorable elements that can comprise a window and all of its possible subobjects is sixteen, six more than the ten color pairs in a color scheme. Therefore, a single color scheme - Page 9 - is not sufficient for controlling the sixteen colorable elements of a window. Two types of window subobjects--namely, popups and lists--account for the number of colorable elements in excess of ten. Popups and lists are considered subobjects of a window when they are created in the window, but you could consider them to be screen objects in their own right if not created in a window but rather created in the screen. (Recent trends in the design of window-oriented user interfaces suggest that you should create popups and lists in windows and therefore consider them to be subobjects of windows.) In any case, popups and lists have six colorable elements each and are similar in structure. So popups and lists are jointly assigned their own color schemes to control their colors. Thus, a window requires two color schemes to control its colors--the primary color scheme that controls the colors of colorable elements except for popups and lists, and an additional color scheme that controls the colors of popups and/or lists to which it is host. The following table shows the color schemes used to control the various classes of windows and their respective popups and lists. Window Classes Color Schemes (Primary & Popup/List) ────────────── ───────────────────────────────────── System Windows 8 & 9 Dialogs 5 & 6 Alerts 7 & 12 User Windows 1 & 2 Note: The FoxPro documentation describes COLOR SCHEME 2 as controlling the color of "User Menus." This appears to be a misnomer in that 1) it implies that there is a screen object called a User Menu that requires its own color scheme when in fact there does not seem to be such a screen object or the requirement for one; and 2) COLOR SCHEME 2, in fact, controls the colors of popups and lists in user windows. Since the color schemes that control the colors of popups and lists in system windows, dialogs, and alerts are called "System Window Pops", "Dialog Pops", and "Alert Pops", respectively, then Color Scheme 2 should more properly be called "User Window Pops." Hence, aaColor refers to COLOR SCHEME 2 as "User Window Pops" rather than "User Menus." Now consider menu systems. Although a menu system has only ten colorable elements, two color schemes are assigned to control the colors in a menu system. COLOR SCHEME 3 controls the colors of the four colorable elements in a menu bar, and COLOR SCHEME 4 controls the colors of the six colorable elements in a menu - Page 10 - popup. The FoxPro documentation explains color sets in terms of color schemes, and the FoxPro interactive color picker is also oriented to color schemes. Since color schemes do not correspond to screen objects in a one-to-one manner, and since the assignment of color schemes to screen objects is somewhat arbitrary, this orientation muddles the relationship between screen objects and the color set system. A simpler and clearer approach is to orient the discussion of the color set system to screen objects as done in this document. That is, start with the idea of screen objects and relate them to their respective color schemes in a color set. After all, the whole purpose of the color set system is to control the colors of screen objects. Therefore, the facilities for viewing and editing color sets in aaColor are oriented to screen objects rather than color schemes. This approach clarifies much of the complexity of the color set system. In aaColor, you first select the screen object whose colors you want to view or edit. You can then select from among its colorable elements and pick colors from aaColor's color picker with instant feedback--that is, aaColor immediately displays the results in the sample screen object as you make color selections. aaColor automatically relates screen objects and their colorable elements to their controlling color schemes and color pairs in the color set so that you need not be aware of the complex system of assignments. CODING EXAMPLES --------------- Example 1: Using the Alert Color Scheme for a WAIT WINDOW PROCEDURE AlertWait PARAMETER AlertMsg PRIVATE SaveSchm5 m.SaveSchm5 = SCHEME(5) && save Dialog colors SET COLOR OF SCHEME 5 TO SCHEME 7 && change Dialog colors && to Alert colors ??CHR(7) && ring bell WAIT WINDOW m.AlertMsg + "; press any key to continue..." SET COLOR OF SCHEME 5 TO (m.SaveSchm5) && restore Dialog colors RETURN Example 2: Customizing the Color of Help Windows The FoxPro Developer's Guide explains how you implement context- sensitive help for applications that you develop. The color of help windows are controlled by COLOR SCHEMES 8 & 9, the color schemes that control System Windows. The following illustrates a technique whereby you can implement help windows in an application with colors different than System Windows without - Page 11 - changing the color of other types of System Windows like the Calculator, Calendar, etc. First, use aaColor to set the colors in two of the "user-defined" color schemes to the desired colors for help windows. The example below uses COLOR SCHEMES 17 & 18. At the beginning of the application program, code the following statements to set up the context-sensitive help: SET HELP TO <filename> ON KEY LABEL F1 DO MyHelp && establish help hot key . . . PROCEDURE MyHelp PRIVATE SaveSchm8, SaveSchm9 m.SaveSchm8 = SCHEME(8) && save System Window & Popup colors m.SaveSchm9 = SCHEME(9) && SET COLOR OF SCHEME 8 TO SCHEME 17 && change System Window & Popup colors SET COLOR OF SCHEME 9 TO SCHEME 18 && to Help Window & Popups colors HELP SET COLOR OF SCHEME 8 TO (m.SaveSchm8) && restore System Window SET COLOR OF SCHEME 9 TO (m.SaveSchm9) && & Popup colors RETURN - Page 12 - USING aaCOLOR ============= INSTALLATION ------------ aaColor is implemented specifically for FoxPro 2.5; it will not work with prior versions. aaColor consists of one file as follows: AACOLOR.APP For convenient access to aaColor, install aaColor in a subdirectory included in FoxPro's path. Once installed, run aaColor by entering DO AACOLOR in the FoxPro Command Window. SELECTION TECHNIQUES -------------------- aaColor displays dialog boxes in various situations whereby you select an item from a list after which you press or click a push button to continue with processing. With such dialogs boxes, a shortcut for selecting a list item and choosing the default push button is to double-click on the list item. This shortcut technique also works in the color-picker and character-picker dialogs. For example, when using the color- picker dialog, you can select a color in the palette by clicking on it and then click on the "<< OK >>" button to close the dialog. Or using the shortcut method, you can simply double- click on the color in the palette to select it and close the dialog. - Page 13 - Appendix: MOUSE POINTER COLOR ================================ The mouse pointer in FoxPro is a screen character that has the same character value as the screen character to which it points but having a contrasting color. Thus, as you move the mouse pointer around, its position is apparent because of its contrasting color. To understand how FoxPro derives the contrasting color of the mouse pointer, first consider how colors are specified in FoxPro. Color monitors display colors by combining the colors red, green, and blue in various combinations. These three colors can be combined in eight possible ways to form eight basic colors which you specify in FoxPro with codes as follows: Color Code ------- ---- Black N (no color) Blue B Green G Cyan BG (Blue & Green combined) Red R Magenta RB (Red & Blue combined) Brown GR (Green & Red combined) White W (Blue, Green, & Red combined) You specify the foreground and background colors for the characters of a colorable screen element with a color pair, that is, a pair of color codes separated by a slash (/). For example, W/B specifies a white foreground on a blue background. The FoxPro color codes are based on IBM PC CGA/EGA/VGA text mode video in which each display character has an attribute byte, various bits of which specify its foreground and background colors. Without getting into a detailed discussion of the CGA/EGA/VGA video attribute byte, it suffices to say that three bits--corresponding to red, green, and blue--specify the foregorund color, and another three bits specify the background color as follows. - Page 14 - Color Bits ------------- decimal R G B value Color Code --- --- --- ------- ------- ---- 0 0 0 0 Black N 0 0 1 1 Blue B 0 1 0 2 Green G 0 1 1 3 Cyan BG 1 0 0 4 Red R 1 0 1 5 Magenta RB 1 1 0 6 Brown GR 1 1 1 7 White W The "inverse" of a color is the color derived by inverting the value of each of the "RGB" color bits. For example, the "RGB" bits for Blue (color code B) are "001"; inverting these bits yeilds "110", the code for Brown (color code GR). Hence, the inverse of blue is brown. The following table shows the inverse of each color similarly derived. Normal Inversed ------------- ------------- Color Code Color Code ------- ---- ------- ---- Black N White W Blue B Brown GR Green G Magenta RB Cyan BG Red R Red R Cyan BG Magenta RB Green G Brown GR Blue B White W Black N FoxPro derives the contrasting color pair for a character to which the mouse points by inverting both its foreground color and background color. For example, if the color of a character is W/B (White/Blue), then its color will be N/GR (Black/Brown) when the mouse points to it. - Page 15 -